Sociology Of Health And Illness - 2519 Words

SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS This study is based on a newspaper article about obesity and how the National Health Service (NHS) will offer free cookery classes in war on the obesity crisis to overweight and obese families as well as doctors and nurses (Donnelly, 2015). The World Health Organisation (2015) has classed obesity as a worldwide epidemic that has seen numbers double since the 1980’s. The WHO (2015) define obesity as an individual having a Body Mass Index equal or higher than 30 and has been linked to non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, muscoskeletal and some cancers. There are many views on what sociology is and therefore can be defined in many ways; Giddens and Sutton (2010) define sociology as study†¦show more content†¦The report identifies that obesity is now a health pandemic in the United Kingdom and the National Health Service is taking steps to tackle obesity not only with the nation at large but also among the healthcare workers who have to help the government tackle obesity in the community seeing as they are the front line staff who would be responsible for educating the public on losing weight. Mooney et al (2015) further states that the functionalist perspective also focuses on how society is interconnected and how each part of society influences and in turn is influenced by the other parts. The doctors and nurses influence the patients they come in contact with and the rationale for the scheme in regards to the staff is that they should â€Å"practice what they preach† before they challenge the public’s unheal thy lifestyles. According to McIntosh (1996) functionalist view social problems in a diverse number of ways and argue that inequalities are normal and necessary for social systems and for the functioning of social systems there has to be a division of labour therefore there will be individuals from varying educational backgrounds as well as skill backgrounds. In the report the problem identified was obesity which not only

The Man Of The People By Thomas Jefferson - 925 Words

From the moment Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, the United States of America established itself as a nation built upon the foundation of equality. In the legendary document, Jefferson proclaimed, â€Å"all men... are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights... life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (Declaration).† Contradictorily, when the separatists fled England for an auspicious future in North America, their treatment of the Native American and Spanish occupants was inhumane, barbaric, and not becoming of a civilization ingrained with the principles of equality. Moreover, the pioneers of the â€Å"free† world marginalized, ostracized, and chimerically represented the African race more than any other minority. Paradoxically dubbed the â€Å"man of the people†, Thomas Jefferson illuminated his true interpretation of equality in Notes on the State of Virginia. â€Å"We have had under our eyes the races of black and o f red men, they have never yet been viewed by us as subjects of natural history,† he wrote. â€Å"I advance it... that the blacks... are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind (history).† Despite what the media conveys, this belief system lingered and particularly exists in the Department of Justice. For years, our government controlled the amount of accessible, viable, and financially rewarding opportunities for impoverished African Americans through the surreptitious agendas of law enforcement. However, Los AngelesShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And The Declaration Of Independence1560 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Do you want to know who you are? Don’t ask. Act! 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He lived in his family’s estate called Shadwell that was owned and built by Thomas’Read MoreThomas Jefferson And His Influence On American History967 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties. Thomas Jefferson, an early American founding father, is credited to have had much influence on what shaped our early American society, and what would go on to eventually become the bases of our modern American way of life. â€Å"Jefferson is best known as the leading classical liberal in American history. As the author of the Declaration of Independence, he outlined the political principles that launched the new nation.† (James Thomas Jefferson, Life Centered Philosophy) Thomas Jefferson was notRead MoreEssay Thomas Jefferson and Slavery994 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Jefferson is a man who really needs no introduction. He was recognized as a luminous writer who was appointed to draft the Declaration of Indepe ndence. Congress formally approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. 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His father Peter Jefferson was a well respected planter in Virginia. Not much is said about Jefferson s early life due to the Shadwell fire. The Shadwell fire destroyed many of Jefferson s person recollections in 1770 leaving much of his early history and his development into an AmericanRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 Pageschange government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Locke theorized that that men were inherently equal, and Jefferson sought to prove this point. In the seventeenth

Sustainability And Intergrated Reporting Global Economic Forums

Question: Describe about the Sustainability And Intergrated Reporting for Global Economic Forums. Answer: How accountancy contributes to sustainable development Sustainable development tends to be one of the most significant issue in most global economic forums and many research that have been conducted in the 20th and 21st century. But, the idea of sustainability has been challenged in accounting terms. Hence, this means that accounting is the only information system that has been developed with aim of measuring business results (Gray et al, 2014). The idea of sustainability came about when business entities started becoming environmentally responsible, thus accounting was tailored with aim of suiting the needs of measuring information potential to the stakeholders. Having this in mind, we can now discuss how accountancy contributes to sustainable development. Builds resilient infrastructure, fosters innovation, sustainable industrialization and promotion of inclusiveness Accountants tend to bare the role of facilitating investments in infrastructure and confidence in the provision of key services in the financial and corporate reporting, business advice and due diligence. Better accounting for infrastructure further involves proper valuation and recognition of assets that facilitate effective utilization of those assets. Further analysis, shows that corporate reporting also facilitates long term investment especially in the infrastructure sector. John (2010) perceives that enhanced corporate accounting through integrated reports tends to have a significant because of the re-balance in economic and capital market decisions which favor long term creation of an investment. Accountancy through a broad coalition of public sectors involves financial management, facilitates partnership and supports capacity building. To sum up the idea of resilient infrastructure, innovation and sustainable industrialization brought by accounting tends to have a significant role in sustainable development. Accounting also maintains sustainable consumption and production patterns Accounting possess relevant professional business skills, thus accountants tend to provide useful insights that assist in decision making, high quality report developments and credibility in audit procedures (Eweje Perry, 2011). In addition, the profession contains a significant role that ensures proper governance and managed organizations that serves the society and thrive in long term. Sustained action to combat climate change and its effects. Further explanation is that deployment of accounting skills in climate change adaptation and mitigation means that accountants have a great significant in environmental sustainability. For example, accountants may plan to set appropriate targets and goals in regards to emission management and adaptation supported by objective data and insights, this ensures that the organization thrives over the long term (Aras Crowther, 2012). In various roles, accountants may have specific responsibilities in terms of relating to deliverance of accountability against climate change threats. For instance, the supreme audit institutions have a major role in holding governments to account. Hence, this proves that accounting ensures that there is sustained action to combat climate change and its effects. Accounting strengthen means of implementation and revitalization of global partnership for the attainment of sustainable development. Accounting has provided a strong partnership and collaboration which tends to be an important ingredient in attainment of sustainable development. Through partnership and strong collaboration important institutions have been developed to focus on attainment of the goal which is sustainable development (Sun et al, 2011). For instance, World Bank and other agencies are contributing to financing and investment in development of accountancy professions. PAOs still a partnership of accountants contributes to strong country systems where there is sustainable development in organizations markets and economies. Accounting contributes to the advancement of quiet and comprehensive social orders for improvement through the arrangement of access to equity for all and working of a powerful, responsible and comprehensive organization on all levels. The bookkeeping calling keeps up the most astonishing good, organization, and master standards and in light of present circumstances can unequivocally affect affiliations straightforwardly and private sections through their own specific lead and exercises in the distinctive parts that they perform. Clerks apply cleaned approach and good direct in their work according to the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Subsequently, it demonstrates this has a tendency to advance Cash related reporting in perspective of amassing accounting helps governments and open section affiliations make systems and ventures that pass on efficient, adaptable open organizations and more grounded economies. Capable organization and cash related organization in the all-inclusive community portion prompts to instructed essential administration and diminished deception and degradation, and finally enables outside direct hypothesis. Subsequently, this has a tendency to impel the part of sustainability (Songini et al, 2013). Ensures there is inclusive and equitable quality education and promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all. The essential comprehension here is the manner by which the calling is adding to maintainable improvement: By dealing with the overall interest for clerks with an extent of aptitudesconcentrated also logically power, business, and venture related capacities. Giving critical master direction and aptitudes is at the heart of the calling. By giving continuing with headway to accountants all through their callings, helping them keep up noteworthiness and a positive duty to functional results. By engaging accountants to reinforce possible comes about by melding reasonable headway into accounting preparing, and passing on continuing with overall support to energize clerks' enthusiasm for efficient business sharpen. Accounting promotes sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth which is full of productive employment and a decent work for all. How the profession contributes: Lo?fgren (2011) indicates how accounting is earnestly associated with flourishing and improved desires for ordinary solaces. It highlights the extent of the calling's noteworthiness to the overall economy, particularly to the extent bracing accounting limit in making economies, where accountants have a basic part to play in strengthening the foundations and plan that will upgrade people's lives. Making open entryways for people to twist up clerks gives direct support to the progression of nearby, national, and neighborhood economies. The importance of integrated reporting in Australia Integrated reporting is about fusing material fiscal and non-cash related information to enable money related authorities and distinctive accomplices to perceive how an affiliation is really performing. An organized report looks past the ordinary time assignment and degree of the present cash related report by tending to the more broad furthermore longer-term results of decisions and movement and by illuminating the association among budgetary and non-money related regard. It is important that a planned report demonstrates the association between an affiliation's framework, organization and plan of activity (Schaltegger, 2006). But, in this case we are trying to substantiate the significance of integrated reporting in Australia. Therefore, the significances include: Management approach In Australia organizations have understood that natural, social and administration matters impact focus business, joined reporting requires that organization commitment all through the association encompasses them. Non-financials are a perceived board commitment at 54% of the associations investigated. Nonetheless, it is not clear how this commitment is apportioned all through the association for 72% of firms. Sparks and get ready to grant staff obligation and assurance sufficient competency to manage these issues appear, in the essential, to need. In any case, with extreme utilization of the arrangement in firms it implies that the entire business will work under this approach and the administration approach gets to be viable. Performance tracking In Australia organizations understanding how the methodology is being executed and hazards oversaw requires reliable and constant reporting of key execution pointers (KPIs) what's more, focuses for the most material issues. To mirror the between conditions amongst money related and non-monetary matters, measurements for both must be balanced and assessed. For example, water organization would be finished the volume of consumable water used, reused and treated, the volume and cost of water saved and the movements in utility costs after some time. Research by (Unerman, 2007) shows that for firms that have effectively realized the true abilities of integrated reporting they have experienced minimal difficulties in their financial recordings. On the other hand, the government encourages firms to implement this system into their daily operations as this may reduce the uncertainties of financial disclaimers, and ensure that there is proper tracking in terms of performance. Risk management Viable hazard administration methods ensure that the association is responsive and proactive that system and organization address rising issues that may limit or help the affirmation of association vision. A fused approach along these lines requires thought of non-cash related perils on the association's central risk enroll with due thought for their impact similarly as both cash related adversity and reputational hurt in Australian firms. Open exposure of non-money related dangers and related administration practices is not all around honed by the greater part of the ASX 50. Of those that do uncover, 71% seem, by all accounts, to be coordinating distinguishing proof and administration of non-money related dangers into their focal hazard enroll. Organizations are not yet, in any case, reporting that they are evaluating the monetary ramifications of these dangers in an orderly way (Jahren Sui, 2014). In conclusion, based on the above significance integrated reporting will require improvement of strong data and in addition observing of frameworks to guarantee there is dependability of data. Subsequently, bookkeepers should be given the right aptitudes and be verse in an expansive scope of abilities to asses' execution. With this it means that organizations in Australia will experience tremendous success of information provided. References Sun, W., Louche, C., Pe?rez, R. (2011).Finance and sustainability: Towards a new paradigm? : a post-crisis agenda. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Jahren, P., Sui, T. (2014).Concrete and sustainability. Eweje, G., Perry, M. (2011).Business and sustainability: Concepts, strategies and changes. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group. Aras, G., Crowther, D. (2012).Business strategy and sustainability. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Gray, R., Adams, C. A., Owen, D. (2014).Accountability, social responsibility, and sustainability: Accounting for society and the environment. Songini, L., Pistoni, A., Herzig, C. (2013).Accounting and control for sustainability. Lo?fgren, K.-G., Li, C. (2011).Green national accounting and sustainability. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd. Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., Burritt, R. (2006).Sustainability accounting and reporting. Dordrecht: Springer. Unerman, J., Bebbington, J., O'Dwyer, B. (2007).Sustainability accounting and accountability. London: Routledge.

Managerial Prerogative Essay Example

Managerial Prerogative Essay There are still ongoing arguments on whether managerial prerogative should be practise by manager without any external interference from states, trade unions and employees. Human Resource Management (HRM), described by Boselie (2009) is using the human resources through high performance work practises which increase an organisation’s competitive advantage (p. 93). Boselie’s reference to high performance work practices indicated strong highly control through managerial prerogative. This paper stressed the importance of interventions from trade unions and state tribunals as supported by Nissan (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 3) that the consequences of allowing managerial prerogative on issues such as recruiting, selecting, training and development reduced teamwork commitment, loyalty to organisation, skilled employees The unitary theory (HRM) enforce managerial prerogative, one source of authority where decision makings should be done by management solely which employees have to obey the decisions management made. Trade union’s intervention (Bray Warring, 2006, p. 46) is considered as the inhibitor force due to the effect of collective bargaining on an organisation. On the contrary, Oakland (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 559) argued controlling others is not an effective approach. Pluralistic approach pointed out the need for interventions as conflicts are inevitable. There are always issues to be address and solve. This is where trade union’s step in when managerial control undermines employee rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Trade union negotiates with management regarding the concerns voiced by employees. At times which management tend to neglect as they emphasised on efficiency and standardisation as well as profitability. There are several examples incorporated to illustrate the downside of practising the HRM approach. First off is Australia. The Howard Government â€Å"Workplace Relations Act 1996† has replaced Keating (Australian Labour Party) Government awards with enterprise agreements. The enterprise agreements encouraged individual bargaining contract agreements whereby increasing managerial prerogative. Bray Warring (2006) argued the righteousness of the individual contracts because different employees will then have different pay systems in regards to overtime or weekends or public holiday’s rates (p. 55). The question is whether employees have a choice to accept or reject the offer? Management has made unilaterally decision making when making that offer to employees. In result, teamwork is damaged consequentially of individual pay system Collective bargaining was reduced during that era. Beaumont Harris (1996, p. 392) agreed that HRM removes collective bargaining. Collective bargaining (Gardner Palmer, 1997) is the mutual agreement after trade union and management discussed and negotiated after issues such as remuneration and workplace environment. Barneveld and Nassir (2003, p. 29) pointed out that the individual contracts reduced labour costs as the centralised awards system were ignored. The inequality pay system caused an employee to have lower wage reduced more as compared to fellow colleagues with position and skills. A trade union as described by Perline and Poynter (1988, p. 28) is the solace to fight this inequality as the power of collectivism made their voices stronger in attempting to solve their issues. Therefore, bargaining experiences as Walton and McKersie (as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996, p. 400) emphasised should be share for the benefits of employees. The shared bargaining experiences are the key towards creating effective teamwork beneficial for problem solving of all parties involved. Understandably, the current econom ic environment, all organisations have to manage effectively and efficiently at the same time using low cost inputs. In order to do this, an organisation has the choice to either hire skilled labour or machineries. Using hire skilled labours for example, in order to attract these people to work in that organisation, a manager (Tsui Wu, 2005) offers lucrative pay to attract the individuals to come and work with the selected organisation (p. 119). When these happen, manager will do further cost cutting through redundancies or wage cuts to accommodate the new recruitments. This short term requirements, Mabey (as cited in Baker, 1999, p. 54) do not strategically fit to HRM’s objective as the approach that oversees long term benefits. The key to attract and retain candidates are to avoid arbitrary treatment by management. The pluralistic approach helps employees to fight this arbitrary treatment. Rhetorically, if training is carried out, on the long term run, current employees will be more multi-skilled. Therefore, the redundancies and wage cuts can be avoided. Organisation does not need to increase labour wages as Goux Maurin (as cited in Grip Sieben, 1997) discovered that training has no real effect on workers’ wages (p. 2). A worker’s wage does not oversee any increment from the training when firm’s paid for it. Either the firm delivered on the job training or off the job training. In addition, the skills of the workers are not rewarded according to their relevance for the productivity of the firm. A worker’s computer skill may be advantageous towards firm’s productivity but nonetheless, a worker’s wage would not be given extra incentive just because he/she possess this particular skill. In other words, the unitarist approach in the organisation increased workers workloads. The downside of adopting this approach is that performance in workplace drop expressing weak psychologically commitment to the organisation. Secondly, loyalty to organisation is now replaced with a contract like economic exchange. In the end, management lose high performance and committed employees. In terms of health and safety issue, what happens when an employee refuse to work in hazardous work environment in fear of his/her personal safety? McDonald as all know is the biggest fast food employer with high labour turnover. Significantly, they are also overtly anti-union. There was a case where two youngsters, Tessa Lowinger and Jennifer Wiebe were exasperated with the unsafe working environment. Their repetitive consulting management on these problems fell on deaf ears. They joined a union because they believed on collectivism power is stronger compared to their individual consultation to management. However, when they were discovered joining a union, their wage was deduce to 25 cents an hour. HRM enforcement subjectively allows McDonald to ignore in ensuring employees safety and punished these two teenagers for joining a union and speaking up for better working environment (Featherstone, 2008, p. 4 5). The other disadvantage of HRM in terms of unfair dismissal can be shown through the case of Drapp and Nickens, former employees of McDonald (Featherstone, 2008, p. 5) who were dismissed because they organised strike. Ronnnmar (2006, p. 61) argued it is the breach of duty of obedience that allowed management to dismiss them based on â€Å"the employer’s right to direct and allocate work. † Yet, management was the one who failed to regulate the content of the obligation of work. Regulating the contract for management was proven to be difficult and economically inefficient to properly define the contract. Plus, it’s an â€Å"employer’s right to direct and allocate work and right of transfer,† disregarding employees sayings (Malmberg as cited in Ronnnmar, 2006, p. 64). Another party that intervene when dispute between management and trade union cannot be solve, by which both parties bring forth their case to state tribunals. It plays the regulatory tool (Peetz, 2005, p. 90) as it introduced legislation that all industries have to follow; keeping managerial prerogative under control. Gardner Palmers (1997) described the process of intervention where the first step is to coerce the defendant and plaintiff to try to come to terms into agreement. If failure to come to terms, arbitrator will make decision to settle the dispute. The decision of arbitrator will usually pass lawful code where it is mutually accepted by both parties (p. 189). Managerial prerogative can be exercise if there are cooperative communication between trade unions and management. Sirota et al. (as cited in Karnes, p. 196) corresponded â€Å"there is a strong positive relationship between employee morale and business success, as gauged by productivity, quality, sales, long-term stock market performance and many measures. Trust is the key to good employer – employee relationship (Tsui Wu, 2005; Hills, Madigan Scott as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996). A business success is build up by the members (employees) in the organisation! Even machines require human labour to be operative. Another issue caused by managerial prerogative are inefficiency and decentralise decision making in an organisation (Kleiner and Bouillon, as cited in Schwoerer, May Ros en, 1995, p. 535). Nissan plant in Sunderland (Garrahan Stewart as cited in Graham, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 5) was supposedly practised empowerment yet employees pace were controlled by increas6ed workload with only short breaks to meet productivity targets. Productivity targets were met as management achieved cost effectiveness. Is this acceptable for employees where they were mislead on the truth? Implementing HRM is beneficial in the long run but only with employer and employees involvement in structuring those organisation’s plans/objectives. However, HRM requires a necessity of intervention from external parties to keep the managerial prerogative’s power exercise in an objective manner. Employees are motivated and be more innovative when they felt that manager or the organisation treat them decently and with respect. It is a matter of providing common framework, strategies that accommodate the knowledge of industrial relations and human resource management. To conclude this essay, it is simply a matter of trying to find the balance that satisfies all parties.