Sociology Of Health And Illness - 2519 Words

SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS This study is based on a newspaper article about obesity and how the National Health Service (NHS) will offer free cookery classes in war on the obesity crisis to overweight and obese families as well as doctors and nurses (Donnelly, 2015). The World Health Organisation (2015) has classed obesity as a worldwide epidemic that has seen numbers double since the 1980’s. The WHO (2015) define obesity as an individual having a Body Mass Index equal or higher than 30 and has been linked to non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, muscoskeletal and some cancers. There are many views on what sociology is and therefore can be defined in many ways; Giddens and Sutton (2010) define sociology as study†¦show more content†¦The report identifies that obesity is now a health pandemic in the United Kingdom and the National Health Service is taking steps to tackle obesity not only with the nation at large but also among the healthcare workers who have to help the government tackle obesity in the community seeing as they are the front line staff who would be responsible for educating the public on losing weight. Mooney et al (2015) further states that the functionalist perspective also focuses on how society is interconnected and how each part of society influences and in turn is influenced by the other parts. The doctors and nurses influence the patients they come in contact with and the rationale for the scheme in regards to the staff is that they should â€Å"practice what they preach† before they challenge the public’s unheal thy lifestyles. According to McIntosh (1996) functionalist view social problems in a diverse number of ways and argue that inequalities are normal and necessary for social systems and for the functioning of social systems there has to be a division of labour therefore there will be individuals from varying educational backgrounds as well as skill backgrounds. In the report the problem identified was obesity which not only

The Man Of The People By Thomas Jefferson - 925 Words

From the moment Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, the United States of America established itself as a nation built upon the foundation of equality. In the legendary document, Jefferson proclaimed, â€Å"all men... are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights... life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (Declaration).† Contradictorily, when the separatists fled England for an auspicious future in North America, their treatment of the Native American and Spanish occupants was inhumane, barbaric, and not becoming of a civilization ingrained with the principles of equality. Moreover, the pioneers of the â€Å"free† world marginalized, ostracized, and chimerically represented the African race more than any other minority. Paradoxically dubbed the â€Å"man of the people†, Thomas Jefferson illuminated his true interpretation of equality in Notes on the State of Virginia. â€Å"We have had under our eyes the races of black and o f red men, they have never yet been viewed by us as subjects of natural history,† he wrote. â€Å"I advance it... that the blacks... are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind (history).† Despite what the media conveys, this belief system lingered and particularly exists in the Department of Justice. For years, our government controlled the amount of accessible, viable, and financially rewarding opportunities for impoverished African Americans through the surreptitious agendas of law enforcement. However, Los AngelesShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson And The Declaration Of Independence1560 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Do you want to know who you are? Don’t ask. Act! Action will delineate and define you.† He should believe so, as Thomas Jefferson’s actions clearly characterize his individual self, while also inducing the question, Does Thomas Jefferson deserve the honor he possesses, through these eminent actions? Many people bel ieve that Thomas Jefferson is a powerful individual who helped form our country, and was a great leader through his presidential career. He made the best out of difficult situations, whenRead MoreThomas Jefferson: One of Americas Most Inspirational Men Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Jefferson was not only our nations third president, but one of the most inspirational men in our United States history. His life from birth to death will be explained in the following content, and will give you a better understanding of his contributions to the United States and his accomplishments throughout his very interesting life. Thomas was born in Goachland County, Virginia on April 13th, 1743. 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Matthew Backlin United States History 1 A CP October 18, 2015 Who was Thomas Jefferson? Most people just think of him as the man who wrote the Declaration of Independence or just one of our many presidents. That’s not the case. Jefferson was more than that, He was a very intelligent man and a loving father and grandfather. Thomas Jefferson was also an inventor and one of the most significant men in the history of makingRead MoreThe Author Of The Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1133 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Jefferson was one of the best authors and Presidents in United States history. Jefferson becoming an author impacted his life greatly. Jefferson was the main author in the â€Å"Declaration of Independence† and that alone changed his life. Jefferson was also one of the best Presidents the world had ever seen. Jefferson’s work mentioned above impacted his life more than you will ever know. Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Virginia. 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His father Peter Jefferson was a well respected planter in Virginia. Not much is said about Jefferson s early life due to the Shadwell fire. The Shadwell fire destroyed many of Jefferson s person recollections in 1770 leaving much of his early history and his development into an AmericanRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 Pageschange government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Locke theorized that that men were inherently equal, and Jefferson sought to prove this point. In the seventeenth

Sustainability And Intergrated Reporting Global Economic Forums

Question: Describe about the Sustainability And Intergrated Reporting for Global Economic Forums. Answer: How accountancy contributes to sustainable development Sustainable development tends to be one of the most significant issue in most global economic forums and many research that have been conducted in the 20th and 21st century. But, the idea of sustainability has been challenged in accounting terms. Hence, this means that accounting is the only information system that has been developed with aim of measuring business results (Gray et al, 2014). The idea of sustainability came about when business entities started becoming environmentally responsible, thus accounting was tailored with aim of suiting the needs of measuring information potential to the stakeholders. Having this in mind, we can now discuss how accountancy contributes to sustainable development. Builds resilient infrastructure, fosters innovation, sustainable industrialization and promotion of inclusiveness Accountants tend to bare the role of facilitating investments in infrastructure and confidence in the provision of key services in the financial and corporate reporting, business advice and due diligence. Better accounting for infrastructure further involves proper valuation and recognition of assets that facilitate effective utilization of those assets. Further analysis, shows that corporate reporting also facilitates long term investment especially in the infrastructure sector. John (2010) perceives that enhanced corporate accounting through integrated reports tends to have a significant because of the re-balance in economic and capital market decisions which favor long term creation of an investment. Accountancy through a broad coalition of public sectors involves financial management, facilitates partnership and supports capacity building. To sum up the idea of resilient infrastructure, innovation and sustainable industrialization brought by accounting tends to have a significant role in sustainable development. Accounting also maintains sustainable consumption and production patterns Accounting possess relevant professional business skills, thus accountants tend to provide useful insights that assist in decision making, high quality report developments and credibility in audit procedures (Eweje Perry, 2011). In addition, the profession contains a significant role that ensures proper governance and managed organizations that serves the society and thrive in long term. Sustained action to combat climate change and its effects. Further explanation is that deployment of accounting skills in climate change adaptation and mitigation means that accountants have a great significant in environmental sustainability. For example, accountants may plan to set appropriate targets and goals in regards to emission management and adaptation supported by objective data and insights, this ensures that the organization thrives over the long term (Aras Crowther, 2012). In various roles, accountants may have specific responsibilities in terms of relating to deliverance of accountability against climate change threats. For instance, the supreme audit institutions have a major role in holding governments to account. Hence, this proves that accounting ensures that there is sustained action to combat climate change and its effects. Accounting strengthen means of implementation and revitalization of global partnership for the attainment of sustainable development. Accounting has provided a strong partnership and collaboration which tends to be an important ingredient in attainment of sustainable development. Through partnership and strong collaboration important institutions have been developed to focus on attainment of the goal which is sustainable development (Sun et al, 2011). For instance, World Bank and other agencies are contributing to financing and investment in development of accountancy professions. PAOs still a partnership of accountants contributes to strong country systems where there is sustainable development in organizations markets and economies. Accounting contributes to the advancement of quiet and comprehensive social orders for improvement through the arrangement of access to equity for all and working of a powerful, responsible and comprehensive organization on all levels. The bookkeeping calling keeps up the most astonishing good, organization, and master standards and in light of present circumstances can unequivocally affect affiliations straightforwardly and private sections through their own specific lead and exercises in the distinctive parts that they perform. Clerks apply cleaned approach and good direct in their work according to the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Subsequently, it demonstrates this has a tendency to advance Cash related reporting in perspective of amassing accounting helps governments and open section affiliations make systems and ventures that pass on efficient, adaptable open organizations and more grounded economies. Capable organization and cash related organization in the all-inclusive community portion prompts to instructed essential administration and diminished deception and degradation, and finally enables outside direct hypothesis. Subsequently, this has a tendency to impel the part of sustainability (Songini et al, 2013). Ensures there is inclusive and equitable quality education and promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all. The essential comprehension here is the manner by which the calling is adding to maintainable improvement: By dealing with the overall interest for clerks with an extent of aptitudesconcentrated also logically power, business, and venture related capacities. Giving critical master direction and aptitudes is at the heart of the calling. By giving continuing with headway to accountants all through their callings, helping them keep up noteworthiness and a positive duty to functional results. By engaging accountants to reinforce possible comes about by melding reasonable headway into accounting preparing, and passing on continuing with overall support to energize clerks' enthusiasm for efficient business sharpen. Accounting promotes sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth which is full of productive employment and a decent work for all. How the profession contributes: Lo?fgren (2011) indicates how accounting is earnestly associated with flourishing and improved desires for ordinary solaces. It highlights the extent of the calling's noteworthiness to the overall economy, particularly to the extent bracing accounting limit in making economies, where accountants have a basic part to play in strengthening the foundations and plan that will upgrade people's lives. Making open entryways for people to twist up clerks gives direct support to the progression of nearby, national, and neighborhood economies. The importance of integrated reporting in Australia Integrated reporting is about fusing material fiscal and non-cash related information to enable money related authorities and distinctive accomplices to perceive how an affiliation is really performing. An organized report looks past the ordinary time assignment and degree of the present cash related report by tending to the more broad furthermore longer-term results of decisions and movement and by illuminating the association among budgetary and non-money related regard. It is important that a planned report demonstrates the association between an affiliation's framework, organization and plan of activity (Schaltegger, 2006). But, in this case we are trying to substantiate the significance of integrated reporting in Australia. Therefore, the significances include: Management approach In Australia organizations have understood that natural, social and administration matters impact focus business, joined reporting requires that organization commitment all through the association encompasses them. Non-financials are a perceived board commitment at 54% of the associations investigated. Nonetheless, it is not clear how this commitment is apportioned all through the association for 72% of firms. Sparks and get ready to grant staff obligation and assurance sufficient competency to manage these issues appear, in the essential, to need. In any case, with extreme utilization of the arrangement in firms it implies that the entire business will work under this approach and the administration approach gets to be viable. Performance tracking In Australia organizations understanding how the methodology is being executed and hazards oversaw requires reliable and constant reporting of key execution pointers (KPIs) what's more, focuses for the most material issues. To mirror the between conditions amongst money related and non-monetary matters, measurements for both must be balanced and assessed. For example, water organization would be finished the volume of consumable water used, reused and treated, the volume and cost of water saved and the movements in utility costs after some time. Research by (Unerman, 2007) shows that for firms that have effectively realized the true abilities of integrated reporting they have experienced minimal difficulties in their financial recordings. On the other hand, the government encourages firms to implement this system into their daily operations as this may reduce the uncertainties of financial disclaimers, and ensure that there is proper tracking in terms of performance. Risk management Viable hazard administration methods ensure that the association is responsive and proactive that system and organization address rising issues that may limit or help the affirmation of association vision. A fused approach along these lines requires thought of non-cash related perils on the association's central risk enroll with due thought for their impact similarly as both cash related adversity and reputational hurt in Australian firms. Open exposure of non-money related dangers and related administration practices is not all around honed by the greater part of the ASX 50. Of those that do uncover, 71% seem, by all accounts, to be coordinating distinguishing proof and administration of non-money related dangers into their focal hazard enroll. Organizations are not yet, in any case, reporting that they are evaluating the monetary ramifications of these dangers in an orderly way (Jahren Sui, 2014). In conclusion, based on the above significance integrated reporting will require improvement of strong data and in addition observing of frameworks to guarantee there is dependability of data. Subsequently, bookkeepers should be given the right aptitudes and be verse in an expansive scope of abilities to asses' execution. With this it means that organizations in Australia will experience tremendous success of information provided. References Sun, W., Louche, C., Pe?rez, R. (2011).Finance and sustainability: Towards a new paradigm? : a post-crisis agenda. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Jahren, P., Sui, T. (2014).Concrete and sustainability. Eweje, G., Perry, M. (2011).Business and sustainability: Concepts, strategies and changes. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group. Aras, G., Crowther, D. (2012).Business strategy and sustainability. Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Gray, R., Adams, C. A., Owen, D. (2014).Accountability, social responsibility, and sustainability: Accounting for society and the environment. Songini, L., Pistoni, A., Herzig, C. (2013).Accounting and control for sustainability. Lo?fgren, K.-G., Li, C. (2011).Green national accounting and sustainability. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Ltd. Schaltegger, S., Bennett, M., Burritt, R. (2006).Sustainability accounting and reporting. Dordrecht: Springer. Unerman, J., Bebbington, J., O'Dwyer, B. (2007).Sustainability accounting and accountability. London: Routledge.

Managerial Prerogative Essay Example

Managerial Prerogative Essay There are still ongoing arguments on whether managerial prerogative should be practise by manager without any external interference from states, trade unions and employees. Human Resource Management (HRM), described by Boselie (2009) is using the human resources through high performance work practises which increase an organisation’s competitive advantage (p. 93). Boselie’s reference to high performance work practices indicated strong highly control through managerial prerogative. This paper stressed the importance of interventions from trade unions and state tribunals as supported by Nissan (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 3) that the consequences of allowing managerial prerogative on issues such as recruiting, selecting, training and development reduced teamwork commitment, loyalty to organisation, skilled employees The unitary theory (HRM) enforce managerial prerogative, one source of authority where decision makings should be done by management solely which employees have to obey the decisions management made. Trade union’s intervention (Bray Warring, 2006, p. 46) is considered as the inhibitor force due to the effect of collective bargaining on an organisation. On the contrary, Oakland (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 559) argued controlling others is not an effective approach. Pluralistic approach pointed out the need for interventions as conflicts are inevitable. There are always issues to be address and solve. This is where trade union’s step in when managerial control undermines employee rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Trade union negotiates with management regarding the concerns voiced by employees. At times which management tend to neglect as they emphasised on efficiency and standardisation as well as profitability. There are several examples incorporated to illustrate the downside of practising the HRM approach. First off is Australia. The Howard Government â€Å"Workplace Relations Act 1996† has replaced Keating (Australian Labour Party) Government awards with enterprise agreements. The enterprise agreements encouraged individual bargaining contract agreements whereby increasing managerial prerogative. Bray Warring (2006) argued the righteousness of the individual contracts because different employees will then have different pay systems in regards to overtime or weekends or public holiday’s rates (p. 55). The question is whether employees have a choice to accept or reject the offer? Management has made unilaterally decision making when making that offer to employees. In result, teamwork is damaged consequentially of individual pay system Collective bargaining was reduced during that era. Beaumont Harris (1996, p. 392) agreed that HRM removes collective bargaining. Collective bargaining (Gardner Palmer, 1997) is the mutual agreement after trade union and management discussed and negotiated after issues such as remuneration and workplace environment. Barneveld and Nassir (2003, p. 29) pointed out that the individual contracts reduced labour costs as the centralised awards system were ignored. The inequality pay system caused an employee to have lower wage reduced more as compared to fellow colleagues with position and skills. A trade union as described by Perline and Poynter (1988, p. 28) is the solace to fight this inequality as the power of collectivism made their voices stronger in attempting to solve their issues. Therefore, bargaining experiences as Walton and McKersie (as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996, p. 400) emphasised should be share for the benefits of employees. The shared bargaining experiences are the key towards creating effective teamwork beneficial for problem solving of all parties involved. Understandably, the current econom ic environment, all organisations have to manage effectively and efficiently at the same time using low cost inputs. In order to do this, an organisation has the choice to either hire skilled labour or machineries. Using hire skilled labours for example, in order to attract these people to work in that organisation, a manager (Tsui Wu, 2005) offers lucrative pay to attract the individuals to come and work with the selected organisation (p. 119). When these happen, manager will do further cost cutting through redundancies or wage cuts to accommodate the new recruitments. This short term requirements, Mabey (as cited in Baker, 1999, p. 54) do not strategically fit to HRM’s objective as the approach that oversees long term benefits. The key to attract and retain candidates are to avoid arbitrary treatment by management. The pluralistic approach helps employees to fight this arbitrary treatment. Rhetorically, if training is carried out, on the long term run, current employees will be more multi-skilled. Therefore, the redundancies and wage cuts can be avoided. Organisation does not need to increase labour wages as Goux Maurin (as cited in Grip Sieben, 1997) discovered that training has no real effect on workers’ wages (p. 2). A worker’s wage does not oversee any increment from the training when firm’s paid for it. Either the firm delivered on the job training or off the job training. In addition, the skills of the workers are not rewarded according to their relevance for the productivity of the firm. A worker’s computer skill may be advantageous towards firm’s productivity but nonetheless, a worker’s wage would not be given extra incentive just because he/she possess this particular skill. In other words, the unitarist approach in the organisation increased workers workloads. The downside of adopting this approach is that performance in workplace drop expressing weak psychologically commitment to the organisation. Secondly, loyalty to organisation is now replaced with a contract like economic exchange. In the end, management lose high performance and committed employees. In terms of health and safety issue, what happens when an employee refuse to work in hazardous work environment in fear of his/her personal safety? McDonald as all know is the biggest fast food employer with high labour turnover. Significantly, they are also overtly anti-union. There was a case where two youngsters, Tessa Lowinger and Jennifer Wiebe were exasperated with the unsafe working environment. Their repetitive consulting management on these problems fell on deaf ears. They joined a union because they believed on collectivism power is stronger compared to their individual consultation to management. However, when they were discovered joining a union, their wage was deduce to 25 cents an hour. HRM enforcement subjectively allows McDonald to ignore in ensuring employees safety and punished these two teenagers for joining a union and speaking up for better working environment (Featherstone, 2008, p. 4 5). The other disadvantage of HRM in terms of unfair dismissal can be shown through the case of Drapp and Nickens, former employees of McDonald (Featherstone, 2008, p. 5) who were dismissed because they organised strike. Ronnnmar (2006, p. 61) argued it is the breach of duty of obedience that allowed management to dismiss them based on â€Å"the employer’s right to direct and allocate work. † Yet, management was the one who failed to regulate the content of the obligation of work. Regulating the contract for management was proven to be difficult and economically inefficient to properly define the contract. Plus, it’s an â€Å"employer’s right to direct and allocate work and right of transfer,† disregarding employees sayings (Malmberg as cited in Ronnnmar, 2006, p. 64). Another party that intervene when dispute between management and trade union cannot be solve, by which both parties bring forth their case to state tribunals. It plays the regulatory tool (Peetz, 2005, p. 90) as it introduced legislation that all industries have to follow; keeping managerial prerogative under control. Gardner Palmers (1997) described the process of intervention where the first step is to coerce the defendant and plaintiff to try to come to terms into agreement. If failure to come to terms, arbitrator will make decision to settle the dispute. The decision of arbitrator will usually pass lawful code where it is mutually accepted by both parties (p. 189). Managerial prerogative can be exercise if there are cooperative communication between trade unions and management. Sirota et al. (as cited in Karnes, p. 196) corresponded â€Å"there is a strong positive relationship between employee morale and business success, as gauged by productivity, quality, sales, long-term stock market performance and many measures. Trust is the key to good employer – employee relationship (Tsui Wu, 2005; Hills, Madigan Scott as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996). A business success is build up by the members (employees) in the organisation! Even machines require human labour to be operative. Another issue caused by managerial prerogative are inefficiency and decentralise decision making in an organisation (Kleiner and Bouillon, as cited in Schwoerer, May Ros en, 1995, p. 535). Nissan plant in Sunderland (Garrahan Stewart as cited in Graham, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 5) was supposedly practised empowerment yet employees pace were controlled by increas6ed workload with only short breaks to meet productivity targets. Productivity targets were met as management achieved cost effectiveness. Is this acceptable for employees where they were mislead on the truth? Implementing HRM is beneficial in the long run but only with employer and employees involvement in structuring those organisation’s plans/objectives. However, HRM requires a necessity of intervention from external parties to keep the managerial prerogative’s power exercise in an objective manner. Employees are motivated and be more innovative when they felt that manager or the organisation treat them decently and with respect. It is a matter of providing common framework, strategies that accommodate the knowledge of industrial relations and human resource management. To conclude this essay, it is simply a matter of trying to find the balance that satisfies all parties.

How to Start a Story Kick Off the Writing Process to Invest Readers

How to Start a Story Kick Off the Writing Process to Invest Readers How to Start a Story Kick Off the Writing Process to Invest Readers You want to learn how to start a story because youre smart. You know the introduction of the book is the most important part.After all, most readers skim those first few pages before deciding to read or not.So what if you had a process that intrigued readers from the first page?What if anyone who read your first few pages immediately wanted to buy your book?Its possible, and we have a proven system to make it happen.Here are the steps for how to start a story:Connect the readers and characterProduce intrigueElicit an emotion in your storyStart your story with a strong visual snapshotWrite a compelling first paragraphLeave a hintEnd the first chapter on a cliffhangerEnd the first chapter with a bookendNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Fiction Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereHow to Start a Story with IntentionBy default, nobody wants to read your book. Not even your mother. Not real ly. She’ll humor you, she’ll hope for you, but she doesn’t want to.Since nobody is instilled with an innate commitment to read your book, you must craft that desire personally. Your opening paragraph, hell, your opening sentence is as much largess most people will be offer.As any good salesperson knows, a crack is an opportunity and anything that opens a little can be forced to open a lot. All you need is confidence, technique, and the guts to push forward.To this end, when starting a story, you must:Hook the readerOffer promises to sustain interestCultivate a connectionSell the book!Yes, that is a lot to ask from the first page, which is why so many writers stop before they get started.Remember, the first page isn’t the first page you write, it is the first page someone reads. Of all the darlings you must get used to killing, your original first page should always be ripe for the axe. #1 Connect the reader to your characterYour opening sentence shouldn’t be a warning shot. No haphazard hail Mary you hope lands. It needs to be well aimed and land solid. It sets a tone, introducing the reader to you and your world.Like any first impression, it has as many don’ts attached as it has do’s. Let’s hit the do’s first.You want to achieve a minimum of one and a maximum of three of these in your first sentence. Three is pushing it, you might want to try for that all-in approach, but you will just end up coming across disorganized. A page long sentence can be an interesting, impressive feat, but as a first sentence it reeks of smarter-than-the-room and will alienate most readers.Connect the Reader to a CharacterProduce IntrigueElicit an EmotionSnapshot a Vivid ImageDiving off a cliff puts the reader immediately into the action. In film school you will see this as in media res. It works by forcing the reader to accept everything that is currently happening while also inviting them to see what happens next or hear what brought the character to this moment.To execute this action-packed introduction, you need to have a firm idea of what is happening and deliver the setting with confidence, don’t over explain and don’t linger.How to Start a Story Example:â€Å"The man in black fled across the desert, and the gunslinger followed.† – The Gunslinger by Stephen KingConnecting a reader to a character is done in several ways. You can show off a strength, reveal a weakness, or share an in:Locke Lamoras rule of thumb was this: a good confidence game took three months to plan, three weeks to rehearse, and three seconds to win or lose the victims trust forever. The Lies of Locke Lamora by Scott Lynch#2 Produce intrigueProducing intrigue works a lot the same as the Dive. The difference is you want to leave more questions than generate answers.Again, the more you know about the story when you drop this first hint, the more clearly it will communicate.Avoid vague prophecy, hit them with something that will echo when the reader arrives at the resolution.How to Start a Story Example:â€Å"Chris Mankowski’s last day on the job, two in the afternoon, two hours to go, he got a call to dispose of a bomb.† – Freaky Deaky by Elmore Leonard#3 Elicit an emotionEliciting an emotion is about getting the reader to feel something, not just displaying emotive language. You don’t want the reader to feel for the character or the world, as those fall into other categories.With this opening, you need to place the reader in a specific emotional headspace to engage with the rest of the page. You accomplish this by using trigger phrases and touchstones.How to Start a Story Example:â€Å"The sky above the port was the color of television, tuned to a dead channel.† – Neuromancer by William Gibson#4 Create a strong visual snapshotFinally, a snapshot is exactly that, a picture painted in words. You don’t want to make a whole landscape. Take a look at a random post card for five seconds.What stood out to you? How would you describe that scene to someone else? Thatâ⠂¬â„¢s the essence of a snapshot, the highlights, and standouts, not the overview.How to Start a Story Example:â€Å"The thing was big and white and hairy, and it was eating all the ice cream in the walk-in freezer.† Monster by A. Lee MartinezWhile you toil to create these openings, you want to avoid a few key elements. Each of these can destroy your efforts and drive the reader into dismissal mode.Avoid these elements when starting a story:MundaneClichà ©sâ€Å"He woke up†World building is about establishing what your world is, not what it isn’t. Describing how the regular world works and then adding ‘but mine doesn’t do that’ wastes a lot of time.Expect your reader to know mundane information and don’t bother repeating it. It bores you to write and the reader to read.Clichà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s have their place in an established book genre. Don’t confuse a genre trope with a clichà ©. What you want to avoid is saying the same thing in the same way.Your fantasy world may well have a dungeon and a dragon, but you don’t want to put those facts too close to each other.Clichà © will kill emotion in its cradle. Readers want to feel something genuine and clichà © is the opposite of that.Far too many science fiction stories start with someone coming out of some kind of sleep. There is a temptation to start the story from the very first conscious moment of the character but remember that you don’t even really remember the first few minutes of your day.Start the story where you remember starting your day, usually after breakfast and post stimulant.Not convinced? Alien 3 started with Ripley waking up in a tube. Nobody likes Alien 3, ergo, no starting by waking up.#5 Construct a compelling first paragraphIf everything has gone to plan you have gotten a foot in the door, wedged the sucker open, stepped into the vestibule, and presented your wary, but accepting, mark†¦ er reader, with your wares.You ha ven’t made the sale yet, but you have an opportunity to deliver a spiel before they work a clever excuse to get you out.Seize that advantage by showing that your opening sentence leads into an opening paragraph that isn’t just more of the same but a makes some promises that most of the rest of the pages are also going to offer something worth sticking around for.Having gained some headway, you have more to lose than gain. That is, there are more wrong things to do with the first paragraph than there are right things.The right course of action has three options for your starting paragraphs:Stay the CourseRamp Up GraduallyDouble DownStaying the courseStaying the course means keeping the same tone and attention you presented in the first sentence. This works best for mystery stories or when you have started with a Dive.In both of these cases, the idea is often to put the reader immediately into the world and you need to be careful not to shake the hook loose with too much pull.Example: Back to Stephen King and The Gunslinger, the paragraph after the opening line is a delicious snapshot of the desert mentioned. It holds the reader, drawing them further into the enormity of the task presented by the preceding sentence. He already has us ready to find out more, so he sets the hook gently, rather than pulling us right into the boat.Note also how he goes from one strong type of opening, the Dive (mixed with a character connection), into a snapsh ot. Right there he’s established three strong openings without breaking a sweat.Ramping up graduallyRamping up gradually is seen more often in character connections and snapshots. With each detail you add through the paragraph, you build interest. The character gets slowly separated from other characters of their type.If you start with a high school student, you see how they break the mold. If you start with a city, you reveal what makes that city unique.Example: Consider the wide panoramic opening of EM Forester’s Passage to India, how he shows the country in an almost dreamlike shot you can immediately visualize. The book was written before film was invented and yet it used a standard technique employed in nearly all aerial establishing shots.Double downThe hardest technique to use is the double down. Here you pull hard and fast, hoping to take the opportunity gained by your first sentence to really wow the reader.While this can be done with several techniques, you s ee it least commonly with the Dive. If your action is strong enough, more action blows the reader away. However, a complication to the action works.By slipping in some Emotion or Intrigue you deepen the scene without pushing the reader out.Example: In The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern, a mysterious circus appears in the first sentence. Complicating this matter is the first paragraph which suggests the sudden appearance wasn’t the kind where it was simply not advertised in advance but hints it may well have materialized out of nowhere.Regardless of the approach, remember that the first paragraph serves to grow your lead and hold the reader through the chapter.While pulling is the goal, the main aim, as mentioned several times, is to avoid pushing the reader out.We call these the Goldilocks Paradox:Too ObviousToo ObscureIn the Too Obvious scenario the reader develops a certain â€Å"Simpson’s Did It!† mentality. If they feel like they know exactly where the story is going, that this is just one more reprise of the hero’s journey, the fetch quest, the star-crossed lovers, they will put it down.Conversely, if you go Too Obscure, they won’t have any investment. Sure, nobody has ever really read a book quite like those composed by Thomas Pynchon, but then again, ask anyone what Gravity’s Rainbow is about and be prepared to get a ‘the what and who?’ in response.You want to land in familiar territory with some new spins. You don’t want to reinvent story structure or character, not in the first chapter. You need to gain trust before you start pulling the rug out from a reader.#6 Leave a hint in the last paragraphWhile the first sentence gets the reader hooked and the first paragraph makes promises, the last paragraph needs to introduce more concepts while limiting resolution.That sounds like a heavy order because it is. It isn’t all that bad once you break down the components.Aim for one of the following: Hint at the EndRoadmap to a PlanCliffhangerBookendEach of these chapter endings provides the reader a reason to keep going. Many television pilots fail at this, they either wrap up the first story and have nowhere to go, or they toss in a last-minute villain preview to suggest a larger threat somewhere.Sure, it worked out for Avengers to tease Thanos but they also had the advantage of a sixty year comics history to assure viewers they know how to build a multi-part story.When you give a Hint you want it to be broad enough to be interesting but narrow enough that your resolution (within the next chapter or two) satisfies it completely. If you toss an owl through a window to get Harry Hunter or Harry Potter to explore a magical world, you better make good on the magical world sooner than later.If you are building up a large world and need to set several things in motion before you get to the major plot, which is a risky move in itself, you need to show the reader a roadmap. The hobbits need to get out of the Shire before they can get to Rivendell on their way to the ultimate goal.#7 Opt to end the chapter on a cliffhangerEnding on a cliffhanger is usually a good call. The pulp stories of the 30s were sometimes christened Cliffhangers because they used this technique extensively. When releasing serial stories, it is the default way to go, how will our heroes get out of this sudd en predicament!?It makes the ending exciting and demands the reader pick up the next installment, or, in your case, turn the page and keep going just a bit further.Cliffhanger Generation Tricks and Tips:Someone Appears!A Lingering QuestionA Sudden InsightThe Depths AppearDropping a new character into the scene, especially one that shows up with the same aplomb as a first sentence Character Connection, gets the reader going. They want to know who this is, and why they will have importance to the next section.The end of the first chapter of Stardust by Neil Gaiman does this perfectly, introducing us to a baby delivered via faery door. You have to turn the page to find out more.In a Lingering Question scenario, you invite the reader to ponder something about the event that just transpired. Why was it so hard, so easy, what was the significance of the turns? Any question that goes unanswered makes the reader wonder. In a serial, they would have to wonder for weeks, or months. In a book, they can always find out by turning a few pages.Sudden insight works somewhat the opposite of the Lingering Question.Here, a character understands something that just happened, something the reader may have been in the dark about, this often goes hand in hand with the next tip. Knowing what is at stake drives tension and the character and reader both being ‘in on it’ delivers.The Depths Appear works well in science fiction, horror, and fantasy stories.Any place where the world isn’t just what is known, where other dimensional forces can act, where a universe of possibilities can exis t, it is possible for something else to be out there.Alluding to the larger forces at the end of a first chapter puts the story into a context against these larger, more meaningful threats. This is especially a good idea when your first chapter reads like a self-contained story.#8 Try a bookend for the first chapterI lied about the mother thing, turns out she really does want to read your book. She always did, she can’t not, mostly because she loves you.This type of ending paragraph reflects the Bookend. Here, you offer a mirror version of the first sentence to show that what has been set up and was so gripping originally has turned around. This works especially well for stories that start in a known world.Dorothy isn’t in Kansas anymore, Alice ends up down the rabbit hole, and the once bright sky is now overcast with the coming troubles.Start a Story off RIGHTAre you ready to start your story the right way- not just with the writing but with the entire process?Weve got the training to help make that happen.

The Major Laws of Chemistry

The Major Laws of Chemistry Navigating the world of chemistry is much easier once youve got an understanding of the fields basic laws. The most important ones briefly summarized below, describe the foundational concepts and principles of chemistry. Avogadros LawEqual volumes of gases under identical temperature and pressure conditions will contain equal numbers of particles (atoms, ions, molecules, electrons, etc.). Boyles LawAt a constant temperature, the volume of a confined gas is inversely proportional to the pressure to which the gas is subjected: PV k Charles LawAt a constant pressure, the volume of a confined gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature in Kelvin: V kT Combining VolumesRefer to Gay-Lussacs Law. Conservation of EnergyEnergy can be neither created nor destroyed; the energy of the universe is constant. This is the First Law of Thermodynamics. Conservation of MassMatter can be neither created nor destroyed, though it can be rearranged. Mass remains constant in an ordinary chemical change. This principle is also known as conservation of matter. Daltons LawThe pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases. Definite CompositionA compound is composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a defined ratio by weight. Dulong–Petit  LawMost metals require 6.2 calories of heat in order to raise the temperature of one gram-atomic mass of metal by one degree Celsius. Faradays LawThe weight of any element liberated during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity passing through the cell and also to the equivalent weight of the element. First Law of ThermodynamicsThe total energy of the universe is constant and can be neither created nor destroyed. This law is also known as conservation of energy. Gay-Lussacs LawThe ratio between the combining volumes of gases and the product (if gaseous) can be expressed in small whole numbers. Grahams LawThe rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass. Henrys LawThe solubility of a gas (unless it is highly soluble) is directly proportional to the pressure applied to the gas. Ideal Gas LawThe state of an ideal gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature according to the equation: PV nRT where P is the absolute pressure, V is the volume of the vessel, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin. Multiple ProportionsWhen elements combine, they do so in the ratio of small whole numbers. The mass of one element combines with the  fixed mass of another element according to certain ratios. Periodic LawThe chemical properties of the elements vary periodically according to their atomic numbers. Second Law of ThermodynamicsEntropy increases over time. Another way of stating this law is to say that heat cannot flow, on its own, from an area of cold to an area of hot.

MGT230 question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT230 question - Assignment Example However, any motives could be considered universally defensible because people act rationally. This means that since whistle-blowing is a rational choice, then one can substantially universally defend it as a good act or choice. Thus, this is a means to an end, because Kantian theory argues that people act something because that is the rational thing to do. Whistle-blowing could be a way to solve conflict or expose the truth for the benefit of every concerned. This makes this act a means to achieving the desired end. The end, which is the output of a rational choice, would still remain universally defensible because it is part of the rational choice itself. Considering that people act on rational motives, then the rational thing to do is act on duty. Knowing that whistle-blowing is a rational choice, then doing so is acting on duty or on the basis of a good will. Thus, it is clear therefore that Kantian ethics finds whistle-blowing ethical, as far as it is acted on duty, a rational c hoice or a means to an end. 5. Is it unrealistic to imagine that there will be no sexual interaction between individuals in the workplace? Why/why not? Can a policy that prevents workmates from having an intimate relationship be morally justified? Then provide your reasoning (e,g, if you argue that it is unreasonable, you might argue that owing to long working hours, many people do not have very much time to socialize outside of their workplace and/or that when individuals work together closely, it is natural for bonds to form. If you argue that it is reasonable, provide your reasoning e.g. adults should be able to control themselves in the workplace, if they are aware of the rules, they should either comply or find alternative employment - there are plenty of other arguments for/against the premise of the question). Finally, answer the last part of the question –

Human resources. Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Human resources. Recruitment - Essay Example 12). She pointed out that there are three recruitment stages. These stages include the efforts by the organization to extend to the applicant populace to influence a little segment of them to become applicants. Another phase includes the efforts of the company to convince applicants to continue to be engrossed in the organization and to carry on following the job opportunity in anticipation of the organization determining whether to propose to them a position. Another phase is the attempts to influence people to accept job offers. Barber (1998) characterizes these phases as producing applicants, sustaining applicant standing, and controlling job preference. This study will examine what kind of competence does Norrona as a company searching for their new employees. The study will also explore the challenges in meeting the standards and qualifications of each position in the company. The second part of the study will evaluate the challenges of the demands of the candidate's competence in Norrona. Norrona is a small-medium business that was started by the managers grandfather in 1947. The company distributes catering equipment (range includes, cutlery, china, glassware, tableware, bar products, utensils, fryers, ranges, burners, grills, fridges, ware washing, furniture. At present, they are one of the largest company in Norways, their head office is in Stavenger also have other branches in Oslo, Kristiansand, Harstad and Bodo. The HR concept defined earlier will be related to various HR alternate approaches. One of these approaches is the recruitment and selection of the employees. These approaches are two important human resource activities and typically the first steps done in hiring employees. Usually, the initial operations of an organization are made of informal recruitment and selection processes. However, as the organization becomes more mature, the need for a well-established human resource practice becomes realized. This is where the concept of HRP becomes integrated. Through the HRP, formal recruitment and selection processes have been established and practiced; with this integration, organization are able to attract more suitable applicants for specific jobs. According to Cummings (2001), the introduction of more formal human resource recruitment and selection practices resulted to a more extensive use of private and government employment agencies, referrals as well as newspaper advertisements for offering job opportunities. This turnout was confirmed by more recent researches (Burnes, 1996); this finding was even correlated to the continuous growth of several organizations. For selection procedures, interview was the most common technique used by organizations. However, so as to screen the applicants more effectively with fewer errors, multiple selection techniques had also been employed. Barbeschi (2002) concluded that in both large and small firms, employees are selected through one on one interviews. In addition to this technique, some organizations even use panel interviews and written examinations in selecting employees. I. Since Norrona is one of the biggest companies in Norway, it intends to employ more workers every year. Being one of the companies with the most number of branches, this number is considerably accurate for the operations of

Human Computer interaction Essay Example for Free

Human Computer interaction Essay As we know that 2012 Olympic Games will be held in London, this computer interface is specifically designed for all kind of people around the globe in order to check for games, dates, locations, competitions along with hotels, transport facility, accommodation and restaurants etc. To implement information system in an organization it requires a separate information systems department. Information systems department handles all information technology related issues, processing of the data, and networking in the organization. Information systems department is operated by specialists of computer technology also called information system specialists. These are project leaders, programmers, managers, system analysts, hardware engineers, software engineers, core technologists, and consultants. It also includes computer services companies that offer hardware and software services to the organization. An important element of information system is the computer technology and its core competencies; it involves all software and hardware application. Today, information system has become very important in any organization not only because of its usefulness and efficiency but because of its reliability, its ability to manipulate work accurately, ability to expand businesses and services and the competitiveness and edge over others. Information system is very important to bring change in an organization. The change in the organization is brought to enhance performance and quality of products. It is a very powerful tool to in implementing information technology and development of an organization. The information systems department implementation and size vary in an organizations depending upon the organization itself. The IT services companies are totally based on the information system. Model users Identify the different user groups. †¢ Social computing communities. They are part of the users in a new field of human computer interaction. They focus on the design, evaluation and maintenance of the system, and they interact socially via digital technology. †¢ Online community. They are people who use the online as the media to chat or socialize with other people including those in other countries. †¢ Business/professional. They are people who are visiting the Olympic event but want to keep in touch with their work at the office and their professional agendas. Fro example, while attending the Olympic event, they can still communicate with their office, checking on messages, talk to their clients or staff through the intranet, etc. †¢ Students. They can have access to their school, continue on studying while attending the event. And last but not least, †¢ The people who come to the Olympic as visitors, the athletes, and all other people who are participating in the organizing the event. UNA and Design Perform a User Needs Analysis (UNA) for the expected user population(s). Human Computer Interaction application involves a thrusts of human perception and its relationship to graphical user interfaces and that the impact of mental models on a system can ease the use of the system. †¢ User Characteristics User characteristics may include age, gender, life style, preferences, education and its background, level of knowledge, and other social factors that may spark the interest of the individuals to use the system. †¢ Work/Task Characteristics (Produce a HTA) Task characteristics required to human computer interaction can be defined by using action regulation theory such as the one described by Ulich et al (1991 in Fjed and Rauterberg, p3): (A) Task dependent setting of (sub-)goals which are embedded in the superimposed task goal; (B) Independent action preparation in the sense of taking on planning functions; and, selection of the means including the necessary actions for goal attainment; (C) Mental or physical performance functions with feedback on performance pertaining to possible corrections of actions; (D) Control with feedback on results and the possibility of checking the results of ones own actions against the set (sub-)goals In addition, several methods can also be developed and be used to analyze this task characteristics such as questionnaires and interviews; (Scott, Osgood Peterson 1979); scoring rationale of observable behaviour (McDaniel Lawrence 1990); protocol analysis based on actions and utterances (Ericsson Simon 1984); and formal models (Kieras Polson 1985) and executable models (Ritter Larkin 1994). The modeling for these methods consist of four different modeling levels such as modeling traditions, modeling paradigms, model classes, and specific models (Fjeld and Rauterberg, 1998).

The Signficance of Violence in Graham Greenes The Destructors Essay

The Signficance of Violence in Graham Greene's The Destructors In serious fiction, no act of violence exists for its own sake. Graham Green, in his short story â€Å"The Destructors,† reveals certain intangible needs met through one central act of violence. One need we all have as humans is the need to be creative, to express ourselves, to use our imagination. All little boys use their imaginations, which is based on what they see in their environment, whether that be television or their own neighborhood. The gang of boys in â€Å"The Destructors† witnessed destruction every day of their lives and played in the rumble of homes as they would a mound of dirt. The gang met every morning at â€Å"the site of the last bomb of the first blitz,† which hit when the leader of the gang was but a year old. Along with the destruction to the ground they met on, the house just beside it â€Å"suffered from the blast of the bomb and the walls were supported on wooden struts.† The gang was well accustomed to seeing destruction, therefore their imaginations were corrupted with it. In an attempt to be creative, to use their imagination, the gang collectively decided to destroy the house that survived the bomb. â€Å"Destruction after all is a form of creation. A kind of imagination had seen this house as it had now become.† The need to use their imaginations won over their logical thought. Another need that plagues us all is the need to be known. Many people’s biggest fear is to die unknown and alone. We all try to make our mark in the world, whether it be through good grades, athletics, or putting gravy on the walls. We become known for our deeds, both the positive and the negative. The boys longed for the respect and the uniqueness that bringing a house ... ... be met, either in a positive, constructive way or in a negative, destructive way. Through a negative, destructive act, Graham Green highlights how a gang of boys meets the intangible necessities. Being a person who chooses to fulfill my needs through positive, constructive actions, I understand there is a better way to be creative, to be known, and to be comfortable without bringing a building down with my needs. I choose to be creative through music, to be known as one who helps rather than hinders, and be comfortable with what I have or do not have. Through analyzing this short story, I can now understand and sympathize this those who choose a different path than my own. Work Cited Greene, Graham. "The Destructors," Story and Structure. Seventh Edition. Edited by Laurence Perrine, assisted by Thomas R. Arp. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, 49-61.

The analysis of psychological phenomena

The analysis of psychological phenomena can be approached from several perspectives. Each offers somewhat different account of why individuals act the way they do, and each can make a contribution to our perception of the total person and a deeper understanding of a person’s overt and covert behavior. Human activities involves remembering,deciding,reasoning, classifying, planning, and so on- that have traditionally been thought to belong to a group of mental processes generally falling under the label â€Å"cognition. We can think of cognitive activities in terms of tasks. We use one cognitive powers and capacities to carry out all sorts of projects from deciding what to wear to a party to â€Å"keeping tabs† on a bank account. We may use our cognitive powers to solve our problems, fro example to find the shortest route home. These tasks can be performed well or ill, correctly or incorrectly, carefully or carelessly with many intermediate possibilities. Our solutions c an be more or less adequate more or less cleverly arrived at and so on. The study of these activities and the standards to which theory are taken to conform, is cognitive psychology. The modern cognitive perspective is a reaction to the narrowness of behaviorism and the stimulus-response view which tend to neglect complex human activities like reasoning, planning, decision making, and communication. The modern study of cognition is concerned with mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, reasoning, deciding, and, problem solving. Cognitive approach examines how we process, store, and use information and how these information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel. The modern study of cognition is premised on the supposition that: only by studying mental process can we fully understand what organisms do and why; and we can study mental processes in an objective fashion by focusing on specific behaviors – just as the behaviorists do, but also interpreting them in terms of underlying mental processes. In making these interpretations, cognitive psychologists often rely on an analogy between the mind and the computer. Incoming information is processed in different ways: It is selected, compared, and combine with other or all information already in the memory, transformed, altered, rearranged, organized, and so on. For instance, the simple act of recognizing who it is when a friend phones and says â€Å"Hello† requires you unconsciously to compare her voice to samples of other peoples’ voices that you have already stored in your long-term memory. We can use our sample problems to exemplify the cognitive perspective. When we interpret someone’s behavior, fundamentally we are engaging in the form of reasoning that is what is most likely cause of such action or conduct. Just as we may reason about why and what motivates human behavior. Cognitive approaches to motivation propose that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals- their cognition. Motivation is the emotional stimulus that causes an individual to act. The stimulus maybe a need or drive that energizes certain behaviors. (Feldman, R. 2003 p. 28). If only we fully understand what motivates us, we are more likely to achieve our personal of professional goals. The causes of motivation range from physiological events within our brain that involves cognition and the body where manifestation of covert actions are seen. Psychology have generally proposed that all human behavior is goal directed towards satisfying a felt need. As a conse quence, an unsatisfied needs causes one an inner tension which could be observable physically or psychologically. Then the individual engages in some action to reduce or relieve the tension. The individual wants to do something that will satisfy the perceive needs. For example, a thirsty man needs water, because he is driven by his thirst and is therefore motivated to drink. All humans have needs. They need to breath, eat, drink, and rest. But these needs are only part of a much larger picture. People also need to be accepted, fulfilled, recognized, and appreciated. They need to dream, aspire, desire , and acquire. These motives are all the result of how our cognition work by giving interpretation to what we desire and what the outcome of our goals maybe. Individual’s motives are the inner states that energizes, activates or moves and directs or channels behavior towards certain goals. Motives causes individuals to reach out, to seek fulfillment, and to begin searching for gratification. (Plotnik, R. 1999 p. 331). The cognitive theory explains that we may do things to satisfy our personal beliefs or meet our personal goals. For example, John may have undertaken a life-threatening behavior that is climbing the Mount Fuji of Japan. What motivates John to endure such agony? Cognitive theory’s concept of intrinsic motivation will explain John’s dangerous behavior; thus climbing itself was rewarding, climbing allowed him to meet his own personal goals, beliefs, and expectations. Everyone has their own personal goals, so does John. Cognitive theories of motivation draw a key distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or helps us obtain incentives or external rewards. While, Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectation ( Atkinson et al. 1996 p. 335-337). These two types of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) were additive and could be combine to produce the highest level of motivation. These two forms of motivation may based either on enjoyment or obligation. In this context obligation refers to motivation based on what individuals thinks ought to be done. For instance, a feeling of responsibility for a mission may lead to helping others beyond what is easily observable, rewarded of fun. Intrinsic motivation explains that people volunteer their services, spend hours on hobbies, run marathons, or work on personal projects because these activities are personally rewarding, fulfilling or challenging. Intrinsic motivation emphasizes that we do many things because of personal beliefs, expectations, or goals, rather than external incentives. The concept of intrinsic motivation provides an explanation why humans are motivated to do the things they wanted to do, or to fulfill. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment (like John did), rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us. For example, when a physician works long hours because she loves medicine, intrinsic motivation is prompting her; if she works hard in order to make a lot of money, extrinsic motivation underlies her efforts. We are more apt to persevere, work harder, and produce work of higher and higher quality when motivation for a task is intrinsic rather than extrinsic (Rawsthorne & Elliot,1999) . Most explanations on the motivations of human behavior were a combine elements of Bernard Weiner’s attribution theory, and Bandura’s work on self- efficacy and other studies relating to locus of control and goal orientation. Thus it is thought that the students are more likely to experience intrinsic motivation if they attribute their educational results to internal factors that they can control the amount of effort they put in, not ‘fixed ability'; believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (e. g. the results are not determined by dumb luck. ;are motivated towards deep ‘mastery' of a topic, instead of just rote-learning ‘performance' to get good grades. The cognitive concept of motivation is based upon several assumptions about people and what people think and do. More specifically, the needs view of motivation seems to assume the following that; individual are aware of their own personal needs in a conscious manner. Each individua l knows whether lets say the belongingness needs are personally important- as they perceived it to be, whether power needs are greater than security needs, and so forth. People recognize urgencies and are capable of putting them down into their priority; motives are primarily internal needs and not created by environment again as how interpreted it is to be; that more people are capable of assessing activities available to them to determine that if they do well and receive rewards for their performance, the result will be the fulfillment of known and interpreted to be their internal needs; and lastly, individuals are future oriented in their motivational drives. Instead looking to past performances and past rewards, the individuals are also concerned about existing and future unfilled needs, not the past fulfilled ones. In 1941, Miller and Dollard proposed a theory of social learning and imitation that rejected behaviourist notions of associationism in favor of drive reduction principles. It was a theory of learning, however, that failed to take into account the creation of novel responses or the processes of delayed and non-reinforced imitations. In 1963, Bandura and Walters broadened the frontiers of social learning theory with the now familiar principles of observational learning and vicarious reinforcement. By the 1970s, however, Bandura was becoming aware that a key element was missing not only from the prevalent learning theories of the day but from his own social learning theory. Bandura (1986) advanced a view of human functioning that accords a central role to cognitive, vicarious, self-regulatory, and self-reflective processes in human adaptation and change. People are viewed as self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting and self-regulating rather than as reactive organisms shaped and shepherded by environmental forces or driven by concealed inner impulses. From this theoretical perspective, human functioning is viewed as the product of a dynamic interplay of personal, behavioural, and environmental influences. For example, how people interpret the results of their own behaviour informs and alters their environments and the personal factors they possess which, in turn, inform and alter subsequent behaviour. This is the foundation of Bandura's (1986) conception of reciprocal determinism, the view that personal factors in the form of cognition, affect, and biological events, behaviour, and environmental influences create interactions that result in a triadic reciprocality. Bandura altered the label of his theory from social learning to social â€Å"cognitive† both to distance it from prevalent social learning theories of the day and to emphasize that cognition plays a critical role in people's capability to construct reality, self-regulate, encode information, and perform behaviour. The cognitive approach to motivation suggests basically that people are mentally aware of how situations around them appeal to their needs. At the same time, people recognize the consequences and effects of their own personal actions as those actions results in either rewards or penalties. The key to motivation is the fact that the performer senses or comprehends what is taking place. As the power- oriented individual can be expected to respond to the opportunity to gain more power, so may the friendship-starved individual be appealed to by the opportunity for socializing- all these means to the attainment of one’s urgent need or to accomplish needs as perceived or construe them to be.

History of Alwar Essay

The state of Alwar is located in the northeast part of Rajasthan. It is considered the oldest kingdom in Rajasthan. The history of Alwar is steeped into mythology and folklore. In ancient India it was a part of the Matsya Kingdom, which the Kauravas embarked on the cattle-rustling mission, which resulted in the famous war of Kurukshetra with the Pandavas. The history of Alwar dates back to 1500 BC when it was formed a part of the Matsya territory of Viratnagar. The region of Viratnagar also included Karauli, Bharatpur and Dholpur. Hence the very foundations of the district are rooted in the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. With a history that is 3500 years old the district of Alwar still stands tall as a popular tourist destination in Rajasthan. The name Matsya Desh simply means the `land of the fish`. It is in this place that the Pandavas spent the 13th year of exile. The local people of this land helped the Pandavas in their battle against Kauravas. During the medieval era Alwar rose to prominence. Because of its strategic location the state was a source of interest to the Mughals, Marathas, the Jats of Bharatpur, Nikumbha and Kachhawaha Rajputs and the British. All of these groups have ruled Alwar. As a result the cultural influences of Alwar are quite varied. The first to occupy the throne of Alwar was the Nikumbhas. They had also built a fort. The ruins of this fort are still visible within the district. As far as the Mughals are concerned they made Alwar their base and from here they had fought many crucial battles against Ranthambore. After the Mughals it was the turn of the Jats to rule this district. Finally Alwar received political stability in the hands of Thakur Pratap Singh belonging to the Kachhawaha Rajputs from Jaipur. Even with an average economic condition this ruling class was able to gift the district with splendid palaces and led a life in utmost luxury. However, such squandering nature resulted in the downfall of the Kachhawaha Rajputs. This disgruntled the masses. However, it cannot be denied that it was Pratap Singh who rescued Alwar from a political instability. He became an ally of the British and he was awarded the title of Maharaja by the British. In the year 1771 Alwar became the youngest Rajput Kingdom. After Maharaja Pratap Singh Bakhtawar Singh succeeded to the throne of Alwar. As historical evidence his chhatri is to be found in the city of Alwar. Raja Banai Singh is another commendable name in the history of Rajasthan. He ruled Alwar from 1815 to 1857 AD. He was a great lover of art and contributed significantly in the beautification of Alwar. However the greatest name in its history has to be Maharaja Jai Singh. the succeeded to the throne in the year 1902 AD. He ruled for 30 years and is well known for his sophisticated lifestyle†¦.He was deposed by the British.

Research on PIMCO Essays

Research on PIMCO Essays Research on PIMCO Essay Research on PIMCO Essay PIMPS currently headed by the co-founder and CIO, Bill Gross (who Is considered as the top fixed-income money manager In the last two decades by the market). PIMPS has over 2400 employees worldwide and has offices In 12 countries. As of 30th June, 2014 PIMPS was managing assets to the tune focuses mainly on fixed income, mutual funds, bonds, equity and retirement funds. It is known as the Bond King because of its huge specialization in that sector. Pompoms core competitors both market segment wise and locations would be Black Rock and Fidelity. PIMPS had sales of $78 million last year and consistently growing. The company was recently faced with a bit of media turmoil because of the unexpected assignation of the CEO, Muhammad El Rain. But Bill Gross stepped up and the company is on track to meet its 2014 targets. As far as hiring is concerned, Insiders say PIMPS is looking for those who are intellectually curious, extremely driven and interested in long-term careers in investment management. PIMPS recruits both at undergraduate level and Mambas. It conducts on-campus interviews at all the top schools in the country including USC. PIMPS also has summer internships for the MBA for 12 weeks and is a great way to gain an in-depth knowledge of the company and culture. The hiring process is quite competitive and an in-depth knowledge of finance and investments is required. MBA are typically hired as Associates and growth is highly dependent on performance. PIMPS is a challenging place to work for one should not be expecting a great work/life balance as Associates put in 60-70 hrs per week on the average. Moreover, PIMPS has a very academic culture will a lot of focus on trainings and all. The average compensation of Associates for 2013 was $103,000 before bonus, and the bonus usually ranges between 20-50% depending on the performance. I would highly recommend PIMPS to everyone whose looking to ark In Finance in California, Europe or Asia. Accounting and Corporate Finance would be the core subjects that the person should focus now. If you want to apply to PIMPS, I would suggest Joining the Marshall American Finance Association, as It will provide a great platform finance discussions and Interview tips. PIMPS comes on campus for Interview for summer Internships next year early December, so I will recommend to start preparing soon. Industry. However, I can assure you that through proper research, focused networking and a Marshall MBA getting a Job in Finance is definitely possible. I will for a while, called PIMPS I. . Pacific Investment Management Company. It is world- renowned investment Management Company and is headquartered nearby at is considered as the top fixed-income money manager in the last two decades by the market). PIMPS has over 2400 employees worldwide and has offices in 12 countries. $ trillion and work in Finance in California, Europe or Asia. Accounting and Corporate Finance PIMPS, I would suggest Joining the Marshall American Finance Association, as it will provide a great platform finance discussions and interview tips. PIMPS comes on campus for interview for summer internships next year early December.

How to Study With Flashcards

How to Study With Flashcards Flashcards are a tried-and-true study tool. Whether youre preparing for a chemistry quiz or studying for a French exam, flashcards can help you memorize information, reinforce understanding, and retain details. However, not all flashcards are created equal. Learn how to maximize your study time by creating the ideal set of flashcards. Materials Theres nothing worse than starting a project without everything you need. Gather these supplies to get started: 3 x 5 index cardsHighlighters in multiple colorsKeyring, ribbon, or rubber bandVocabulary list or study guideHole puncherPencil Creating the Flashcards On the front of the card, write one vocabulary word or key term. Center the word horizontally and vertically, and be sure to keep the front of the card free of any extra markings, smudges, or doodles.Flip the card over. You wont be doing anything else with the front of the card.On the back of the card, write the definition of the vocabulary word in the upper left-hand corner. Be sure to compose the definition in your own words.Write the words part of speech in the upper right-hand corner. If part of speech isnt relevant (say, if youre studying for a history exam), categorize the word in some other way, e.g. by time period or school of thought.On the lower left-hand side, write a sentence that uses the vocabulary word. Make the sentence creative, funny, or memorable in some way. (If you write a bland sentence, youre much less likely to remember it!On the lower right-hand side, draw a small picture or graphic to go with the vocabulary word. It doesnt have to be artistic, just something that reminds you of the definition. Once youve created a flashcard for every term on your list, punch a hole in the middle of the right side of each card and hook them together for safekeeping with a keyring, ribbon, or rubber band. Studying With Flashcards Keep blank index cards on hand as you  take class notes. When you hear an important term, write the term on a card right away and add the answers later or during your study session. This process encourages you to reinforce the information you hear in class. Study the flashcards on a regular basis, preferably once a day for 1 to 2 weeks, before a test or exam. Explore different techniques, such as reviewing out loud versus silently and working alone versus with a study group. When studying with flashcards, make a small checkmark in the corner of the cards you answer correctly. When you have made two or three marks on a card, you know you can put it in a separate pile. Keep going through your main pile until all cards have two or three marks. Then, shuffle them and put them away for your next review session (or keep practicing!). Flashcard Games for Study Groups For classes that require you to memorize many  definitions, like social studies and history, work with your study group to create a master list of terms to study using the glossary in the back of your textbook. If possible, color code the terms according to the chapter. Create a matching game with your  study group. Make separate cards for the questions and the answers, leaving the backsides of all cards blank. Place the cards face down and turn them over, one by one, looking for matches. For extra excitement, turn it into a competition by forming teams and keeping score. Play charades. Split up into teams and place all the flashcards in a hat or a basket. During each round, a representative from one team steps up, pulls out a flashcard, and attempts to get his or her team to guess what was on the flashcard by giving silent cues (miming and body language). The first team that gets to 5 points wins.

Global Management Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Management Systems - Research Paper Example The traditional management systems often involved a constricted system that revolved around the managerial acumen and abilities of the top managers. The top managers exclusively were in charge of the roles of strategy development, goal-setting, monitoring and evaluating processes, crisis management and other processes that largely relate to the process of systems management. The traditional system was generally tedious, cumbersome and open to abuse and inefficiencies relating to some possible limitations on the part of the management. Moreover, such management systems lay structural impediments of growth and expansion for the companies and organizations. These organizations often miss the synergies, skills, and talents that can be found only in the international markets.The involvement of global management systems has made it possible for companies and organizations to engage specialized skills and resources that were beyond their individual systems. Global management systems have de signed knowledge-based products and systems that seek to address some of the major challenges that have been affecting organizations. It might help consider the evolution of these systems in terms of the basic structural challenges that have affected systems of productions of organizations around the globe. Organizations are no longer constrained in terms of the geographical limits of which they may be superior, as the traditional logistical barriers have been eliminated through the various innovations and knowledge-based developments. (Bagad, 2009). The

National Security vs. Individual Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

National Security vs. Individual Rights - Essay Example On the contest of seeking to unearth the delicate equilibrium between citizens’ rights and the concern on national security, Kettl expounds on the terrorist attacks which were opportunistic of the America’s open society as they stage-managed their mass murder incursion on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon. Deep scrutiny on the predicament unravelled that the roots of this incident encompassed the effortless and accessible means and avenues to obtain passports to foreigners. It was also unravelled that key American immigration sites were often jeopardized by lack of resolute scrutiny. On this concern, President Bush reiterated to the attack urging American Citizens to deliver terrorists to the state authorities altogether with their respective ring leaders or opting to succumb into the terrorists snare. The U.S went further to imprison the captured terrorists at Guantanamo Bay, hence evading the Geneva Convention restriction (Kettl, 2013, pg 162).

Ancient Greek Philosophical Thought - Final Exam Essay

Ancient Greek Philosophical Thought - Final Exam - Essay Example On the foundations of the same belief, Socrates argues that the souls of philosophers and intellectuals will join the souls of deities many thousand years before the arrival of the ordinary humans due to the very fact that the philosophers’ souls are far refined and sublime than those of general pu...blic, and avoid vice and evil temptations by controlling their desires and discouraging their lust. Hence, Socrates has defined and determined the path and position of soul in his philosophic ideas, which are being endorsed and asserted by the future philosophers for the last several centuries to come. Socrates has also elucidated madness in his second speech, where he argues that it is madness that urges temptation of love, friendship and even sexual desires. He is of the opinion that sexual relations between man and boy must be developed on the basis of true feelings of love, instead of mere lust and for the fulfillment of carnal desires only. Such type of insincere relationship s will break mutual respect between the mentor and pupil, and every association will seek its connection in selfishness and materialism. Hence, the great philosopher, in a terse manner, describes that the carnal desires are an essential part of human instinct, which can be controlled but could not be suppressed altogether. Here Socrates perhaps means emotions and passion equivalent to madness; it is therefore he cites the sun-god Apollo, the Seven Muses, and the harvest and fertility god Dionysus and the love-god Aphrodite, nature and form of the expressions of love are different for all the four, he submits. While explaining the concept of Eros, in his speech, Socrates submits to state that Eros or lust has direction connection with human soul. It is soul that attracts towards Eros for one way or the other. Somehow, philosophers have control to resist the advancements of sexual desires particularly in case of pederasty, where an adult male is fascinated by the beauty of a youth. Th e king of gods Zeus had also experienced madness out of the sheer and absolute beauty of the Trojan young prince Ganymede, and he had abdicated the youth for his sexual desires and love too. However, unlike performing the same act of abdicating a beautiful person for one’s purpose, the philosophers’ soul control the madness and desires, and thus turns out to be refined and sublime in nature and acts. Moreover, Socrates has also thrown light on rhetoric in his final speech, where instead of discouraging the politicians to take part in writing activities, Socrates allows them to do the same and thus read, write and deliver the speeches. However, instead of being mean and inferior, the writing and theme should be excellent and refined one. Hence, making an

Strategic Planning for Small Business

Strategic Planning for Small Business Business description is the short plan to start up any kind of business. Business description includes all basic information like name of the business, location of the business, type of the business, etc. In it we include the service or products of the business. In this fast moving century everyone is in rush for whole day to satisfy their basic needs. Mainly in the morning everybody is running late for their jobs or schools. Most of the people have no time to cook food for them. To satisfy the appetite of the people in the morning we are thinking to set up an online Packed Meal business. Selling Packed Meals in the morning will be very helpful for those who cannot cook for themselves in the morning. We are planning to deliver the food at the railway stations or bus stops. At these public places people can easily grab the meal. To start this business first of all we are going to create a website by which people can order the food online. They can book the food in advance and accordin g to their orders we can deliver the food. We are planning to provide quick breakfast to the customers at railway station or bus stop. To order the food people can visit the website book an order and can pay online. For convenience of the customer we are setting a plan that customers can book order for the whole week and after week they can pay the amount of the food. It will be helpful for the customers in the sense that they can have food in the morning and secondly they can save time. Numerous surveys have revealed that breakfast is often skipped among Kiwis (Hills, 2012; Impact PR, 2016). Similarly, others have been making poor breakfast choices like leftover party food, pizza, fish chips, ice cream, and even beer (Impact PR, 2016; NZ Herald, 2016). Despite the widespread awareness of the important benefits of breakfast, it is quite alarming to see that many people still forego the need to make time for breakfast. These attitudes and habits towards breakfast are apparently influenced by a hectic lifestyle and poor time management. However, various surveys conducted in the past confirmed that nearly half of New Zealanders acknowledge breakfast as the most important meal of the day (Hills, 2012). It is at this point that a business idea comes to mind: to provide value by satisfying a need (Hartnett, 1998, as cited by Sweeney Soutar, 2001). In this case, it is the need for a good, convenient breakfast. Through an entrepreneurial endeavour supplemented with the col lection of the right information, this idea can become a business opportunity (Massey, 2005). Although a business opportunity does not guarantee success, this business idea requires the support of a business strategy so that it gains a reasonable chance to become a successful operation (Oliver English, 2012) in the near future. The aspired future state of a business or any organisation is described in the vision (Srivastava, Franklin, Martinette, 2013; Duygulu, Ozeren, IÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±ldar, Appolloni, 2016). This statement provides a starting point (Kantabutra Avery, 2010) and a sense of direction for the business, hence, it should be clear, appealing and compelling (Srivastava, Franklin, Martinette, 2013; Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). The business idea comes with an ambitious but altruistic goal, hence, the vision statement: To cater to a multi-cultural society that does not miss breakfast. This above statement satisfies a number of definitions of vision. It is easy to understand, and represents the fundamental purpose of the business (Srivastava, Franklin, Martinette, 2013, p. 50). According to Kantabutra and Avery (2010), strategists have proposed numerous characteristics a powerful vision should possess, but these can be summarised as being concise, clear, stable, challenging, inspirational, and future-oriented. This bold vision not only indicates a long-term standpoint of the business (Hubbard, Rice, Galvin, 2014); it also offers an inspiring image of the big picture (Alter, 2001) which is a more desireable situation in the future. The mission statement is perceived to be a crucial factor in formulating business strategies that are sustainable (Duygulu, Ozeren, IÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±ldar, Appolloni, 2016). It describes the organisations aim, the reasons for its existence, and what it is trying to accomplish (Duygulu, Ozeren, IÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±ldar, Appolloni, 2016), all of which are extremely valuable in establishing the organisations major goals (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). This business idea will be guided by the mission statement: Enriching busy Wellingtonians through a delightful breakfast to-go. The above mission statement is expressed in a progressive structure to connote the ongoing process and continuous improvement in developing this business. It is also customer-oriented (Wellingtonians) and does not focus on the products (breakfast items) alone. This broad approach acknowledges the possibility that there will be shifts in demand in the future and the main purpose of the business may need to be served in diversified ways (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). Ultimately, the mission statement establishes what this business intends to excel at (Hubbard, Rice, Galvin, 2014) which is the provision of an enriching and delightful breakfast. The lifestyle preference this business wants to achieve is very evident in the product it aims to serve. The proponents of this business idea are relatively young adults who also constantly miss breakfast due to the demands of both work and studies. Values reflect the underlying behaviours, attitudes and outlooks held and used by the organisation in its operations and activities (Hubbard, Rice, Galvin, 2014). The proponents believe in the value of good health and nourishment a realisation that fundamentally produced this business idea. Innovativeness, the ability to create or adapt to, and implement new ideas into practice and new products (as cited by Lebedeva Grigoryan, 2013), is another essential value preferred by the proponents which should also be integrated into their personal lifestyle. Innovativeness will be a good basis for organisational behaviour once the business becomes operational as innovation is a key factor for survival in a dynamic environment. In the future, th e personal values of the business stakeholders should ideally be aligned with the value statement of the organisation by encouraging participation in its development (Alter, 2001). Social responsibility is integrating environmental and social concerns, apart from the financial aspects, in the strategic decisions of the organisation (Massey, 2005; Hubbard, Rice, Galvin, 2014). The simplest ways to practice social responsibility are by reducing energy consumption (i.e., during food production) and using recyclable food containers. In friendly and creative ways, customers will be reminded to recycle plastic items and dispose of food scraps responsibly. Donating food items to a charitable organisation (i.e., The Free Store, Kaibosh) is also highly considered, and will depend on the size of orders and calculated profit margins. Due to the small size of this business, the proponents will be open to collaborations with other small enterprises in various community involvements. Core values are the inherent principles that guide an organisations actions which eventually become the distinct features of the business entity (Lencioni, 2002). This potential business start-up will possess the following core values: Deliver a healthy breakfast on time. This business idea was formed out of poor time management and a busy lifestyle, hence, time plays a major factor in its implementation. It is extremely important to ensure that the food items are available at the right place and at the right time. In line with the over-arching vision to not miss breakfast, orders must always be on the agreed time of pick-up. Additionally, this core value also highlights the importance of a healthy breakfast which means ingredients are carefully selected, ethically sourced, and hygienically prepared. Listen to serve better. As a start-up business, what the customer has to say will determine its fate. During the first few weeks of operations, suggestions and comments will be proactively collected from customers through the website or direct interaction. Comments particularly about the food taste, variety and options will be taken into account for the subsequent servings. References Alter, S. (2001). Managing the double bottom line: a business planning resource guide for social enterprises. Washington DC: Pact Publications. Duygulu, E., Ozeren, E., IÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±ldar, P., Appolloni, A. (2016). The sustainable strategy for small and medium sized enterprises: the relationship between mission statements and performance. Sustainability, 8(7), 698. doi:10.3390/su8070698 Hill, C. L., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014). Strategic management theory: an integrated approach. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Hills, M. (2012, 18 September). Busy lifestyles keep Kiwis from breakfast. Retrieved from NZ Herald: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6objectid=10834771 Hubbard, G., Beamish, P. (2011). Strategic management: thinking, analysis, action (4th ed.). New South Wales: Pearson Australia. Hubbard, G., Rice, J., Galvin, P. (2014). Strategic management: thinking, analysis, action (5th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Australia. Impact PR. (2016, March 16). New Survey Reveals Kiwis Fast Food Breakfast Habits. Retrieved from Scoop Independent News: http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU1603/S00317/new-survey-reveals-kiwis-fast-food-breakfast-habits.htm Kantabutra, S., Avery, G. C. (2010). The power of vision: statements that resonate. Journal of Business Strategy, 31(1), 37-45. Lebedeva, N., Grigoryan, L. (2013). Implicit theories of innovativeness: cross-cultural analysis. Search (Working Paper), Moscow. Lencioni, P. M. (2002, July). Make Your Values Mean Something. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org/2002/07/make-your-values-mean-something Massey, C. (2005). Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management in New Zealand. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand. NZ Herald. (2016, March 16). Most important meal of the day? Kiwis swapping breakfast for fast food. Retrieved from NZ Herald: http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11606305 Oliver, L., English, J. (2012). The small business book: a New Zealand guide for the 21st century (6th ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Leith Oliver and John English. Srivastava, M., Franklin, A., Martinette, L. (2013). Building a sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Technology Management Innovation, 8(2), 47-60. Sweeney, J. C., Soutar, G. N. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77, 203-220.